What is Ethical/Unethical?

                                         Percentage of Respondents Who Believe a Certain Behavior "Can Never Be Justified"

Russia*

East Germany

Czech Republic

Hungary

Slovakia

Poland

Bulgaria

Western Europe**

U.S.

1.  Buying something stolen

90

97

88

79

75

95

90

97

92

2.  Threatening workers who refuse to strike

91

89

84

81

70

81

84

90

87

3.  Political assassination

93

96

90

80

87

84

87

91

86

4.  Throwing away litter

91

87

87

77

76

93

91

88

90

5.  Accepting a bribe

70

86

82

77

76

92

93

90

93

6.  Joyriding

95

98

83

83

78

97

96

96

96

7.  Driving under the influence of alcohol

87

97

93

84

88

95

95

94

94

8.  Taking marijuana

93

98

96

84

64

96

96

97

85

9.  Claiming state benefits illegally

95

92

73

76

64

83

89

83

86

10. Avoiding a fare in public transport

20

93

81

67

68

87

81

80

81

11. Fighting with the police

43

80

68

70

57

61

76

78

73

12. Prostitution

60

68

73

76

77

90

82

68

75

13. Suicide

67

72

67

75

73

81

80

69

79

14. Keeping money you have found

59

71

73

55

64

75

88

66

53

15. Lying in your own interest

46

70

67

56

65

79

88

69

78

16. Cheating on taxes

67

88

88

70

82

74

78

90

86

17. Adultery

90

86

92

82

74

88

69

73

79

18. Divorce

6

28

21

35

30

43

44

26

29

19. Killing in self-defense

5

43

22

40

25

24

35

32

21

20. Abortion

11

35

24

33

35

62

36

42

48

21. Euthanasia

34

54

50

47

59

81

62

47

45

22. Homosexuality

68

56

55

77

64

85

88

52

64

*Based on a 1994 urban survey conducted by the Department of Social Dynamics of the Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian

Academy of Sciences.

**Averages for West European states of Norway, Sweden, West Germany, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Northern Ireland, Ireland, France,

 Belgium, and the Netherlands taken from 1990 European Values Study data.

Source: Peter Ester, Loek Halman, and Vladimir O. Rukavishnikov, From Cold War to Cold Peace?:  A Comparative Empirical Study of Russian

and Western Political Cultures (Tilburg, The Netherlands:  Tilburg University Press, 1997), 204-05.